Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage
- Marco Notarianni,
- Jinzhang Liu,
- Kristy Vernon and
- Nunzio Motta
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17
Figure 1: (a) Global energy consumption growth from 1965 to 2013. (b) The share of different energy sources f...
Figure 2: (a) Carbon concentration in the energy mixture from 1890–2100 (projected), i.e., kilograms of carbo...
Figure 3: Hybridization states of carbon-based nanomaterials. Reprinted with permission from [19]. Copyright (200...
Figure 4: Structure of the most significant fullerenes, C60 and the C70. All fullerenes exhibit hexagonal and...
Figure 5: Schematic depiction of an auto-loading version of an arc-discharge apparatus used for fullerene pro...
Figure 6: Diffusion flame chamber for fullerene production. Reprinted with permission from [31]. Copyright (2000)...
Figure 7: Formation of C60 through dehydrogenation/dehydrochlorination. Reprinted with permission from [32]. Copy...
Figure 8: Synthesis of PC61BM by reaction between C60 and diazoalacane with subsequent refluxing with o-dichl...
Figure 9: Graphene and carbon nanotubes as a (a) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and (b) multiwall carb...
Figure 10: Schematic models for SWCNTs with the nanotube axis normal to the chiral vector, which, in turn, is ...
Figure 11: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis: (a) arc discharge; (b) chem...
Figure 12: Honeycomb lattice of graphene. Graphene layers can be stacked into graphite or rolled up into carbo...
Figure 13: (a) Representation of the electronic band structure and Brillouin zone of graphene; (b) The two gra...
Figure 14: Several methods for the mass production of graphene that allow a wide choice in terms of size, qual...
Figure 15: Graphene-based display and electronic devices. Display applications are shown in green; electronic ...
Figure 16: (a) Schematic illustration and photo of the electrochemical exfoliation process for graphite. (b) P...
Figure 17: Chemical structure of graphene oxide with functional groups. A: Epoxy bridges, B: hydroxy groups, C...
Figure 18: Atomic resolution, aberration-corrected TEM image of a single layer, H-plasma-reduced GO membrane. ...
Figure 19: (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of graphite oxide flakes [112].
Figure 20: High resolution C 1s XPS spectra: deconvoluted peaks with increasing reduction temperature (Tr). (a...
Figure 21: Plot of sheet resistance against annealing temperature with a comparison to key carbon and oxygen r...
Figure 22: CVD graphene. (a) Schematic of the transfer of graphene produced on Cu using the roll-to-roll metho...
Figure 23: Millimeter-sized graphene grains produced on polished and annealed Cu foils. (a) Schematic of the c...
Figure 24: Millimeter-sized graphene grains produced on the inside of enclosure-like Cu structures. (a) Schema...
Figure 25: Millimeter-sized graphene grains made on resolidified Cu. (a) Schematic of the Cu resolidification ...
Figure 26: The characteristic tetrahedron building block of all SiC crystals. Four carbon atoms are covalently...
Figure 27: Schematic representation of the stacking sequence of hexagonal SiC bilayers for 2H, 3C, 4H and 6H p...
Figure 28: Number of graphene layers grown by annealing 3C-SiC for 10 h in UHV as a function of temperature. R...
Figure 29: TEM images of MLG on the C-face. (a) A cross-sectional TEM image. (b) A low-magnification TEM image...
Figure 30: High frequency graphene transistor. (a) and (b) Structure of a graphene-based FET for an analogue r...
Figure 31: Record solar cell efficiencies, worldwide, as reported by NREL in 2014 [180].
Figure 32: Photocurrent generation steps in an organic solar cell. Step 1: photon absorption in the conducting...
Figure 33: (a) Electron transfer from P3HT to PCBM after generation of the exciton at the interface of the two...
Figure 34: (a) Schematic of a regular organic solar cell structure. (b) Schematic of an inverted organic solar...
Figure 35: Simple equivalent circuit for a solar cell.
Figure 36: I–V curves of a solar cell. IL indicates the current under illumination. Voc and Isc represent the ...
Figure 37: Detailed equivalent circuit for a solar cell.
Figure 38: UV–vis spectra of PC71BM and PC61BM, both in toluene. To illustrate the contribution of MDMO-PPV to...
Figure 39: (a) Molecular dynamics simulations of P3HT wrapped around a SWNT (15,0). Reprinted with permission ...
Figure 40: (a) and (b) TEM images of P3HT wrapping around a SWNT (7,6) (images taken at QUT, not yet published...
Figure 41: Schematic of an organic solar cell with a transparent graphene electrode. Reprinted with permission...
Figure 42: (a) Schematic of a photovoltaic device with a P3HT/GO–PITC thin film as the active layer and the st...
Figure 43: (a) Schematic illustration of a device structure with GO as the buffer layer. (b) Energy level diag...
Figure 44: Device structures (a) and energy level diagrams (b) of the normal device and the inverted device wi...
Figure 45: Addition of a small amount of SWCNTs into the GO buffer layer can increase the FF and JSC of device...
Figure 46: (a) Structure of carbon solar cells where TFB and PEDOT/PSS are the electron-blocking and hole-cond...
Figure 47: Schematic of the two basic all carbon nanomaterial-based solar cell device structures: (a) a typica...
Figure 48: Energy density vs power density (Ragone plot) for various energy storage devices [257].
Figure 49: Hierarchical classification of supercapacitors and related types [259].
Figure 50: Charge and discharge processes of an EDLC.
Figure 51: Models of the electrical double layer at a positively charged surface: (a) the Helmholtz model, (b)...
Figure 52: Simple equivalent circuit.
Figure 53: CV curve of an ideal supercapacitor.
Figure 54: Simulation of CV curves with increasing internal resistance (1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 Ω) at 20 mV/s scan...
Figure 55: Simulation of the charge/discharge curves with increasing internal resistance (0, 1, 5, 10 and 25 Ω...
Figure 56: Schematic representation of the Nyquist impedance plot of an ideal capacitor (vertical thin line) a...
Figure 57: Schematic illustration of the space in a carbon nanotube bundle available for the storage of electr...
Figure 58: Comparison of conducting paths for electron and electrolyte ions in aligned carbon nanotubes and gr...
Figure 59: CV curves of the EDLC using the SWNT solid sheet (red) and as-grown forest (black) as electrodes, c...
Figure 60: SEM images of CNT–carbon aerogel nanocomposites. Reprinted with permission from [289]. Copyright (2008) ...
Figure 61: Graphene-based EDLCs utilizing chemically modified graphene as electrode materials. (a) Scanning el...
Figure 62: Morphology of graphene oxide and graphene-based materials. (a) Tapping-mode AFM image of graphene o...
Figure 63: (a–d) Schematic illustration of the process to make laser-scribed graphene-based electrochemical ca...
Figure 64: (a–c) Schematic diagram showing the fabrication process for a laser-scribed graphene micro-supercap...
Figure 65: (a) SEM image of the interior microstructure of a graphene hydrogel. (b) Photograph of the flexible...
Figure 66: (a) Schematic illustration of a supercapacitor cell fabricated from reduced graphite oxide (rGO) an...
Figure 67: (a) and (b) are schematic, equivalent circuit illustrations for a polymer solar cell and a supercap...
Highly NO2 sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors
- Carlo Piloto,
- Marco Notarianni,
- Mahnaz Shafiei,
- Elena Taran,
- Dilini Galpaya,
- Cheng Yan and
- Nunzio Motta
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1073–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.120
Figure 1: (a) Low magnification and (b) high magnification SEM images of graphite oxide flakes.
Figure 2: AFM and KPFM images of (a) and (b) a GO flake (2 × 2 μm); (c) and (d) a GO-Cs flake (1.4 × 1.4 μm).
Figure 3: (a) XPS survey spectrum of GO (blue line) and GO-Cs (red line); High resolution XPS C1s spectra of ...
Figure 4: Raman spectra of GO-Cs and GO, displaying intense D and G peaks at ≈1380 and ≈1600 cm−1, respective...
Figure 5: Response of the GO and GO-Cs based sensors as a function of NO2 concentration. The inset shows the ...
Figure 6: Response of (a) GO-Cs and GO based sensors towards NO2 with concentrations higher than 1 ppm; (b) G...
Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods
- Jinzhang Liu,
- Marco Notarianni,
- Llew Rintoul and
- Nunzio Motta
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56
Figure 1: FE-SEM images showing the encapsulation of 10-nm-diameter NDs into ZnO nanorods and microrods. (a) ...
Figure 2: FE-SEM images showing the encapsulation of 40-nm-diameter NDs into ZnO nanorods. (a) ZnO nanorods c...
Figure 3: FE-SEM images showing the embedment of 200-nm-diameter polymer nanobeads in ZnO nanorods. (a) ZnO n...
Figure 4: FE-SEM Images showing the encapsulation of nanobeads into ZnO nano/microrods after different regrow...
Figure 5: (a) Illustration of the encapsulation process of a surface-attached nanoparticle into the growing c...
Figure 6: (a) Micro-PL spectra taken from a single ZnO nanorod containing NDs, a nanorod with NDs in the surf...
